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Causal DAG templates

Math — Causal DAG: Instrumental Variable

An instrument affects the outcome only via the exposure.

Causal DAGMathematicsCausal DAG syntax docs
Template previewCausal DAG
Instrumental variableZInstrumentEExposureOOutcomeUUnmeasured confounderExposureOutcomeConfounderMediatorUnobservedNo adjustment set works — but `Instrument` is an instrument, which identifies the effect under the usual instrumental-variable assumptions.No adjustment set works here — and `Instrument` is an INSTRUMENT: it moves the exposure, and this diagram gives it no path to the outcome except through the expos…

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title "Instrumental variable"
node Z "Instrument"
exposure E "Exposure"
outcome O "Outcome"
unobserved U "Unmeasured confounder"
Z -> E
E -> O
U -> E
U -> O